LIST OF KINGS OF THE SASSANID PERSIAN EMPIRE (224-651 AD).

3rd Century: Foundation and consolidation of the empire

The 3rd century Sassanian period saw the rise of the new empire and frequent wars with Rome .

Ardacher I (224-241): Founder of the dynasty, he overthrew the Parthians and centralized power.
Shapur I (241-272): He expanded the empire and captured the Roman Emperor Valerian.
Hormizd I (272-273): Short reign without major events.
Bahram I (273-276): He persecuted Mani and limited Manichaeism in Persia.
Bahram II (276-293): Loss of territories to Rome and internal discontent.
Bahram III (293): Very brief reign; he was quickly deposed.
Narsieh I (Narses) (293-303): He tried to reconquer lands from Rome but was defeated.

In this century, the dynasty stabilized and Persia achieved great military and religious power .

Hormizd II (303-309): Turbulent reign, ending with his assassination.
Narsieh II (Adarnases) (309): Fleeting government after the death of his predecessor.
Shapur II (309-379): He reigned from childhood and subdued the barbarians and Rome.
Ardashir II (379-383): He ruled briefly and consolidated the borders.
Shapur III (383-388): He negotiated peace with Rome and divided Armenia.
Bahram IV (388-399): He held the eastern border against nomadic threats.

The 5th century was marked by wars, instability and internal reforms .

Yazdegerd I (399-420): Tolerant of minorities, with strong opposition from the nobility.
Bahram V (420-438): National hero and successful militarily in Central Asia.
Yazdegerd II (438-457): He successfully defended the East, but was intolerant of Christians.
Hormizd III (457-459): He died fighting in a brief civil war.
Peroz I (459-484): He died defeated by the Hephthalites, the White Huns.
Balash (484-488): He ruled during the chaos following the defeat by the Hephthalites.
Kavad I (488-496, 498-530): He carried out social reforms and faced internal and external invasions.
Jamasp (496-498): He took the throne briefly during the exile of his brother Kavad.

The Empire reached its peak in military, cultural and administrative terms, although it also sowed its final decline .

Khosrau I (531-579): Considered the greatest reformer and organizer of the empire.
Hormizd IV (579-590): His reign saw internal conflicts and border wars.
Khosrau II (590-628): He conquered large territories, but lost to Byzantium and was deposed.
Bahram VI (590-591): Usurper who ruled briefly during a civil war.
Bistam (591-592): He led a revolt while Khosrau II regained the throne.
Hormizd V (593): Another usurper in the succession crises.

Century of upheavals, civil wars and collapse in the face of the Muslim conquest .

Kavad II (628): He overthrew and killed his father, Khosrau II, and soon succumbed to the plague pandemic.
Ardacher III (628-630): Child monarch deposed in the midst of anarchy.
Peroz II (629): He intervened in a period of anarchy.
Sharvaraz (630): General who briefly seized power after assassinating Ardacher.
Khosrau III: Another suitor, without notable success.
Djuvansher: Brief pretender to the throne in chaotic times.
Boran: Queen who attempted to restore order, the first in Western Asia.
Gushnasbandeh: Brief usurper in chaos.
Azarmedukht (630-631): Second queen, with little power.
Peroz III: Pretender after the fall of the central regime.
Hormizd VI: Another ephemeral suitor.
Khosrow IV (631-632): Appointed in the collapse of the empire.
Khosrau V (632-633): He ruled for a few months in the midst of anarchy.
Yazdegerd III (632-651): Last king, defeated by the Arab armies and end of Sassanid Persia.