Isabella II of Spain (Madrid, October 10, 1830 – Paris, April 9, 1904), known as “the Queen of Sad Destinies” or “the Castilian Queen”, was Queen of Spain between 1833 and 1868. Her figure is linked to one of the most complex and turbulent periods of the 19th century in Spain, marked by civil wars, profound political and social transformations, and almost constant institutional instability.

At Numivium, we have a special fondness for Isabel II , a queen who lived trapped between family and political intrigues and had to navigate the turbulence of a particularly difficult time for Spain. Understanding her era is key to understanding not only the future of the 20th century, but also many of the dynamics and challenges that remain today.

The monetary system during the reign of Elizabeth II was a veritable labyrinth: throughout her term, up to four monetary reforms occurred, with coins of different metals, denominations, and origins coexisting. This situation generated great confusion both within the economy and among ordinary citizens, reflecting the complexity and dynamism of a constantly changing era.


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